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OSI Model Explained Summary:Definitions and Functions The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) model has seven layers. This article des... -
After setting up any routing protocol that you want to implement - RIP, OSPF, or EIGRP - you can view all of your routing information throug...
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1 As system administrator, you type "debug ipx sap" and receive the following lines as part of the IOS response: type 0x4, &qu... -
Networking Questions : Questions on OSI Model with answers [PDF] Q1- What does the acronym OSI stand for? Ans- Open System Interconnec...
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Some Best Routing CCNA Examination Answers Exams solutions What is the correct order for PDU encapsulation? Frame Header-Network Hea...
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OSPF,IGRP ,EIGRP Multiple Choice Questions 851. What is the extended IPX access list range? A.) 901-1000 B.) 100-199 C.) 900-999 D.)...
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101 What IP command would you use to test the entire IP stack? A.) Stack-test -
201 Identify the 3 methods routers learn paths to destinations? A.) Dynamic routing B.) None of the above,
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CCNA rev 6 © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1 APJ Online CCNA Tutorial Session 1 of 3 23rd Feb 2009 APAC &am...
Video: Ospf Routing Protocol Tutorial
Video: Ospf Routing Protocol Tutorial
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an elegant routing protocol, resulting in a more civilized network. Join Chief Geek Jimmy Ray Purser as he delves into the history of the OSPF protocol, how it works, and what a link state is.
How To Configure EIGRP CCNA Exam 120-200
How to configure CCNA EIGRP ACL LAB Question
1. EIGRP EXAM 120-200
2. ACL EXAM
1. EIGRP EXAM 120-200
2. ACL EXAM
So You Want to be a Network Engineer. Here’s Where You Should Start!
First lets talk about what a Network Engineer is. According to The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing. Retrieved April 27, 2015, from Dictionary.com website a Network Engineer is:
“A high-level LAN /WAN technician who plans, implements and supports network solutions between multiple platforms. A network engineer installs and maintains local area network hardware and software, and troubleshoots network usage and computer peripherals.”
Network Engineers can wear many different hats. I believe the more “Traditional” Network Engineers mainly work on devices such as Routers, Switches, Firewalls, Wireless Access Points and Controllers, Load Balancers, Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems as well as some server maintenance involving virtualization and network management software. Next we should discuss the overview of the differences between Network Engineering and Administration. Keep in mind I am just talking from an industry general view/standpoint. Some companies may not differ between the 2 titles.
“A high-level LAN /WAN technician who plans, implements and supports network solutions between multiple platforms. A network engineer installs and maintains local area network hardware and software, and troubleshoots network usage and computer peripherals.”
Network Engineers can wear many different hats. I believe the more “Traditional” Network Engineers mainly work on devices such as Routers, Switches, Firewalls, Wireless Access Points and Controllers, Load Balancers, Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems as well as some server maintenance involving virtualization and network management software. Next we should discuss the overview of the differences between Network Engineering and Administration. Keep in mind I am just talking from an industry general view/standpoint. Some companies may not differ between the 2 titles.
Multiple Choice Questions of Computer Networking exams solutions
Multiple Choice Questions of Computer Networking exams questions that solved solutions [pdf]
1. Why IP Protocol is considered as unreliable?
A. A packet may be lost
B. Packets may arrive out of order
C. Duplicate packets may be generated
D. All of the above
2. What is the minimum header size of an IP packet?
A. 16 bytes
B. 10 bytes
C. 20 bytes
D. 32 bytes
3. Which of following provides reliable communication?
A. TCP
B. IP
C. UDP
D. All of the above
4. What is the address size of IPv6 ?
A. 32 bit
B. 64 bit
C. 128 bit
D. 256 bit
5. What is the size of Network bits & Host bits of Class A of IP address?
A. Network bits 7, Host bits 24
B. Network bits 8, Host bits 24
C. Network bits 7, Host bits 23
D. Network bits 8, Host bits 23
6. What does Router do in a network?
A. Forwards a packet to all outgoing links
B. Forwards a packet to the next free outgoing link
C. Determines on which outing link a packet is to be forwarded
D. Forwards a packet to all outgoing links except the originated link
7. The Internet is an example of
A. Cell switched network
B. circuit switched network
C. Packet switched network
D. All of above
8. What does protocol defines?
A. Protocol defines what data is communicated.
B. Protocol defines how data is communicated.
C. Protocol defines when data is communicated.
D. All of above
9. What is the uses of subnetting?
A. It divides one large network into several smaller ones
B. It divides network into network classes
C. It speeds up the speed of network
D. None of above
10. Repeater operates in which layer of the OSI model?
A. Physical layer
B. Data link layer
C. Network layer
D. Transport layer
1 – D / 2 – C / 3 – A / 4 – C / 5 – A / 6 – C / 7 – C / 8 – D / 9 – A / 10 – A
Multiple Choice Questions of Computer Networking solutions
Multiple Choice Questions of Computer Networking exams questions that solved solutions [pdf]
1 Each IP packet must contain
A. Only Source address
B. Only Destination address
C. Source and Destination address
D. Source or Destination address
2 Bridge works in which layer of the OSI model?
A. Appliation layer
B. Transport layer
C. Network layer
D. Datalink layer
3 _______ provides a connection-oriented reliable service for sending messages
A. TCP
B. IP
C. UDP
D. All of the above
Top 100 Networking Interview Questions & Answers
Top 100 Networking Interview Questions & Answers examinations solved
) What is a Link?
A link refers to the connectivity between two devices. It includes the type of cables and protocols used in order for one device to be able to communicate with the other.
2) What are the layers of the OSI reference model?
There are 7 OSI layers: Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer and Application Layer.
3) What is backbone network?
A backbone network is a centralized infrastructure that is designed to distribute different routes and data to various networks. It also handles management of bandwidth and various channels.
Questions on OSI Model with answers [PDF]
Networking Questions : Questions on OSI Model with answers [PDF]
Q1-
What does the acronym OSI stand for?
Ans- Open System Interconnection. The OSI reference model is used as a guide for teaching
and understanding the way networks operate.
Q2- What are the layers of the OSI model?
Ans- Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical. An easy way to
remember the order of the layers is: A-ll P-eople S-eem T-o N-eed D-ata P-rocessing .
Q3- At which layer of the OSI model is a path decision made based upon an IP address?
Ans- Network. At the network layer, data is transported in the form of a packet.
Q4- Which of the following takes place at the presentation layer?
Ans- Encryption. The presentation layer encrypts data to be sent across the network, and
decrypts it so that it can be accessed by the application layer on the receiving end.
Q5- Which is NOT a function of the Application layer?
Ans- Windowing. Quality of Service and user authentication are also handled by the application
layer.
Q6- Which layer of the OSI model contains the LLC sub layer and the MAC sub layer?
Ans- Data Link Layer. The LLC and MAC sub layers allow for different layer 2 protocols to be
used, such as Ethernet, Token Ring and FDDI.
Q7- How can data be transported in different layers?
Ans- Data is transported in bits at the Physical layer. A bit is simply a binary digit. Either a 0 or a
1. Data is transported in segments at the Data Link layer. At the data link layer, user data is
encapsulated in a frame.
Q8- What is the function of Network Layer?
Ans- The network layer establishes the route between the sender and receiver across switching
points, which are typically routers. The most ubiquitous example of this layer is the IP protocol in
TCP/IP. IPX, SNA and AppleTalk are other examples of routable protocols, which mean that they
include a network address and a station address in their addressing system. This layer is also
the switching function of the dial-up telephone system. If all stations are contained within a single
network segment, then the routing capability in this layer is not required.
Q9- The link for a switch connection is isolated from other data traffic except for what type
of messages?
Ans- Following are the types of messagesi.
Multicast Messages – Message are sent to a specific group of hosts on the network.
ii. Broadcast Messages – Message is sent to all devices connected to the LAN.
Q10- Why are the layers of the OSI model important to the network administrator?
Ans- The Layers of OSI Model are important for the network administrator in the following
manneri.
To troubleshoot network problems by verifying functionality of each layer.
ii. In many cases it requires the network administrator to isolate at what layer the network
problem occurs.
OSI Layers Questions and Answers in Networking
OSI Layers Questions and Answers in Networking
Which phrase describes an FTP daemon?
Which two actions are taken by SMTP if the destination email server is busy when email messages are sent? (Choose two.)
When would it be more efficient to use SMB to transfer files instead of FTP?
What is an example of network communication that uses the client-server model?
What is true about the Server Message Block protocol?
Refer to the exhibit. What command was used to resolve a given host name by querying the name servers?
Which DNS server in the DNS hierarchy would be considered authoritative for the domain name records of a company named netacad?
A user accessed the game site www.nogamename.com last week. The night before the user accesses the game site again, the site administrator changes the site IP address. What will be the consequence of that action for the user?
Match the purpose with its DHCP message type
What are two characteristics of peer-to-peer networks? (Choose two.)
Which three layers of the OSI model provide similar network services to those provided by the application layer of the TCP/IP model? (Choose three.)
What is an advantage for small organizations of adopting IMAP instead of POP?
Which application layer protocol uses message types such as GET, PUT, and POST?
A DHCP-enabled client PC has just booted. During which two steps will the client PC use broadcast messages when communicating with a DHCP server? (Choose two.)
Open the PT Activity. Perform the tasks in the activity instructions and then answer the question.
Which PC or PCs are sending FTP packets to the server?
Which three statements describe a DHCP Discover message? (Choose three.)
Which two tasks are functions of the presentation layer? (Choose two.)
Fill in the blank.
What is the acronym for the protocol that is used when securely communicating with a web server?
Select three protocols that operate at the Application Layer of the OSI model. (Choose three.)
Match a statement to the related network model
Peer-to-peer network
A manufacturing company subscribes to certain hosted services from their ISP. The services required include hosted world wide web, file transfer, and e-mail. Which protocols represent these three key applications? (Choose three.)
Match the DNS record type to the corresponding description
- a program that is running on an FTP server
Which two actions are taken by SMTP if the destination email server is busy when email messages are sent? (Choose two.)
- SMTP periodically checks the queue for messages and attempts to send them again
- SMTP tries to send the messages at a later time
When would it be more efficient to use SMB to transfer files instead of FTP?
- when downloading large numbers of files from the same server
What is an example of network communication that uses the client-server model?
- A workstation initiates a DNS request when the user types www.cisco.com in the address bar of a web browser.
What is true about the Server Message Block protocol?
- Clients establish a long term connection to servers.
Refer to the exhibit. What command was used to resolve a given host name by querying the name servers?
- nslookup
Which DNS server in the DNS hierarchy would be considered authoritative for the domain name records of a company named netacad?
- netacad.com
A user accessed the game site www.nogamename.com last week. The night before the user accesses the game site again, the site administrator changes the site IP address. What will be the consequence of that action for the user?
- The user will access the site without problems.
Match the purpose with its DHCP message type
- DHCPREQUEST - a message that is used to identify the explicit server and lease offer to accept
- DHCPDISCOVER - a message that is used to locate any available DHCP server on the network
- DHCPOFFER - a message that is used to suggest a lease to a client
- DHCPACK - a message that is used to acknowledge that the lease is successful
What are two characteristics of peer-to-peer networks? (Choose two.)
- resource sharing without a dedicated server
- decentralized resources
Which three layers of the OSI model provide similar network services to those provided by the application layer of the TCP/IP model? (Choose three.)
- session layer
- application layer
- presentation layer
What is an advantage for small organizations of adopting IMAP instead of POP?
- Messages are kept in the mail servers until the client manually deletes them.
Which application layer protocol uses message types such as GET, PUT, and POST?
- HTTP
A DHCP-enabled client PC has just booted. During which two steps will the client PC use broadcast messages when communicating with a DHCP server? (Choose two.)
- DHCPDISCOVER
- DHCPREQUEST
Open the PT Activity. Perform the tasks in the activity instructions and then answer the question.
Which PC or PCs are sending FTP packets to the server?
- PC_2
Which three statements describe a DHCP Discover message? (Choose three.)
- The destination IP address is 255.255.255.255.
- The message comes from a client seeking an IP address.
- All hosts receive the message, but only a DHCP server replies.
Which two tasks are functions of the presentation layer? (Choose two.)
- Compression
- Encryption
Fill in the blank.
What is the acronym for the protocol that is used when securely communicating with a web server?
- HTTPS
Select three protocols that operate at the Application Layer of the OSI model. (Choose three.)
- POP3
- DHCP
- FTP
Match a statement to the related network model
Peer-to-peer network
- no dedicated server required
- client and server roles are set on a per request basis
- a background service is required
- requires a specific user interface
A manufacturing company subscribes to certain hosted services from their ISP. The services required include hosted world wide web, file transfer, and e-mail. Which protocols represent these three key applications? (Choose three.)
- FTP
- HTTP
- SMTP
Match the DNS record type to the corresponding description
- A - end device address
- NS - authoritative name server
- CNAME - canonical name
- MX - mail exchange record
Some Routing CCNA Examination Answers
Some Best Routing CCNA Examination Answers Exams solutions
What is the correct order for PDU encapsulation?
- Frame Header-Network Header-Transport Header-Data-Frame Trailler
A PC is configured to obtain an IP address automatically from network 192.168.1.0/24. The network administrator issues the arp -a command and notices an entry of 192.168.1.255 ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff. Which statement describes this entry?
- This is a static map entry
Which two notations are useable nibble boundaries when subnetting in IPv6? (Choose two.)
- /64
- /68
What will a Layer 2 switch do when the destination MAC address of a received frame is not in the MAC table?
- It forwards the frame out of all ports except for the port at which the frame was received.
Which two statements correctly describe a router memory type and its contents?
- RAM is volatile and stores the IP routing table.
- ROM is nonvolatile and contains basic diagnostic software.
What is the auto-MDIX feature on a switch?
- the automatic configuration of an interface for a straight-through or a crossover Ethernet cable connection
What is the purpose of the routing process?
- to select the paths that are used to direct traffic to destination networks
What is the purpose of ICMP messages?
- to provide feedback of IP packet transmissions
Open the PT activity. Perform the tasks in the activity instructions and then fill in the blank.
The Server0 message is
- Winner
Refer to the exhibit. Which IP addressing scheme should be changed?
- Site 2
Which subnet would include the address 192.168.1.96 as a usable host address?
- 192.168.1.64/26
Which subnet would include the address 192.168.1.192 as a usable host address?
- 192.168.1.128/25
An administrator uses the Ctrl-Shift-6 key combination on a switch after issuing the ping command. What is the purpose of using these keystrokes?
- to interrupt the ping process
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is configuring access control to switch SW1. If the administrator uses Telnet to connect to the switch, which password is needed to access user EXEC mode?
- linevtyin
Refer to the exhibit. A network administrator is configuring access control to switch SW1. If the administrator uses console port to connect to the switch, which password is needed to access user EXEC mode?
- linecoin
Refer to the exhibit. What is the significance of the asterisk (*) in the exhibited output?
- The asterisk designates which file system is the default file system.
When applied to a router, which command would help mitigate brute-force password attacks against the router?
- login block-for 60 attempts 5 within 60
A company has a network address of 192.168.1.64 with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.192. The company wants to create two subnetworks that would contain 10 hosts and 18 hosts respectively. Which two networks would achieve that?
- 192.168.1.64/27
- 192.168.1.96/28
Which field in an IPv4 packet header will typically stay the same during its transmission?
- Destination Address
Refer to the exhibit.
The network administrator enters these commands into the R1 router: R1# copy running-config tftp
Address or name of remote host [ ]?
When the router prompts for an address or remote host name, what IP address should the administrator enter at the prompt?
- 192.168.11.252
What is the effect of configuring the ipv6 unicast-routing command on a router
- to enable the router as an IPv6 router
Refer to the exhibit. Consider the IP address configuration shown from PC1. What is a description of the default gateway address?
- It is the IP address of the Router1 interface that connects the PC1 LAN to Router1.
Which procedure is used to reduce the effect of crosstalk in copper cables?
- twisting opposing circuit wire pairs together
What happens when part of an Internet radio transmission is not delivered to the destination?
- The transmission continues without the missing portion.
Which address on a PC does not change, even if the PC is moved to a different network?
- MAC address
Three bank employees are using the corporate network. The first employee uses a web browser to view a company web page in order to read some announcements. The second employee accesses the corporate database to perform some financial transactions. The third employee participates in an important live audio conference with other corporate managers in branch offices. If QoS is implemented on this network, what will be the priorities from highest to lowest of the different data types?.
- audio conference, financial transactions, web page
Which publicly available resources describe protocols, processes, and technologies for the Internet but do not give implementation details?
- Request for Comments
Which three IP addresses are private ? (Choose three.)
- 172.16.4.4
- 10.1.1.1
- 192.168.5.5
What is the purpose of the network security accounting function?
- to keep track of the actions of a user
How does a Layer 3 switch differ from a Layer 2 switch?
- An IP address can be assigned to a physical port of a Layer 3 switch. However, this is not supported in Layer 2 switches.
Which connection provides a secure CLI session with encryption to a Cisco switch?
- an SSH connection
A network engineer is measuring the transfer of bits across the company backbone for a mission critical database application. The engineer notices that the network throughput appears lower than the bandwidth expected. Which three factors could influence the differences in throughput? (Choose three.)
- the amount of traffic that is currently crossing the network
- the type of traffic that is crossing the network
- number of network devices that the data is crossing
A host PC has just booted and is attempting to lease an address through DHCP. Which two messages will the client typically broadcast on the network? (Choose two.)
- DHCPREQUEST
- DHCPDISCOVER
A host PC has just booted and is attempting to lease an address through DHCP. Which message will the client broadcast first on the network?
- DHCPDISCOVER
What are the three primary functions provided by Layer 2 data encapsulation? (Choose three.)
- data link layer addressing
- detection of errors through CRC calculations
- delimiting groups of bits into frames
Refer to the exhibit. An administrator wants to change the name of a brand new switch, using the hostname command as shown (Switch(config)# hostname My Switch). What prompt will display after the command is issued?
- Switch(config)#
Which type of wireless security generates dynamic encryption keys each time a client associates with an AP?
- WPA
A particular website does not appear to be responding on a Windows 7 computer. What command could the technician use to show any cached DNS entries for this web page?
- ipconfig /displaydns
What is an important function of the physical layer of the OSI model? (Chaptr 4 exam)
- It encodes frames into electrical, optical, or radio wave signals.
Match the phases to their correct stage in the router setup process. (Not all options are used.)
- Stage 1 - perform the post
- Stage 2 - load the bootstrap program
- Stage 3 - Locate and load the Cisco IOS
- Stage 4 - locate and load the configuration file
Match the description with the associated IOS mode. (Not all options are used.)
user EXEC mode
- limited number of basic monitoring commands
- the first entrance into the CLI of an IOS device
- accessed by entering the enable command
- identified by a prompt ending with the # character
- changes made affect the opperation of the device as a whole
- accessed by entering the configure terminal command
Refer to the exhibit. A TCP segment from a server has been captured by Wireshark, which is running on a host. What acknowledgement number will the host return for the TCP segment that has been received?
- 306
Match the IPv6 address to the IPv6 address type. (Not all options are used.)
- Link-Local - FE80:056BA:FFEE:A0B4:47FF:FE36:532B and FE80::1
- Multicast - FF02::2 and FF02::1:FF3A:25C9
- Global Unicast - 2DD1:D88:10::12 and 2001:DB8:A1:0B:C78::1
What is a characteristic of the LLC sublayer?.
- It places information in the frame that allows multiple Layer 3 protocols to use the same network interface and media.
On which switch interface would an administrator configure an IP address so that the switch can be managed remotely?
- VLAN 1
During data communications, a host may need to send a single message to a specific group of destination hosts simultaneously. This message is in the form of a _____ message
- multicast
Which function is provided by TCP?
- detection of missing packets
Open the PT Activity. Perform the tasks in the activity instructions and then answer the question.
Which IPv6 address is assigned to the Serial0/0/0 interface on RT2?
- 2001:db8:abc:5::1
A host is accessing a Web server on a remote network. Which three functions are performed by intermediary network devices during this conversation? (Choose three.)
- regenerating data signals
- providing a channel over which messages travel
- notifying other devices when errors occur
In which default order will a router search for startup configuration information?
- NVRAM, TFTP, setup mode
What two preconfigured settings that affect security are found on most new wireless routers? (Choose two.)
- broadcast SSID
- default administrator password
What will happen if the default gateway address is incorrectly configured on a host?
- The host cannot communicate with hosts in other networks.
What is the purpose of having a converged network?
- to reduce the cost of deploying and maintaining the communication infrastructure
Refer to the exhibit. Which area would most likely be an extranet for the company network that is shown?
- area C
After making configuration changes, a network administrator issues a copy running-config startup-config command in a Cisco switch. What is the result of issuing this command?
- The new configuration will be loaded if the switch is restarted.
Which parameter does the router use to choose the path to the destination when there are multiple routes available?
- the lower metric value that is associated with the destination network
Refer to the exhibit (PC0 and PC1 connected to S1, PC2 and PC3 connected to S2, S1 connected to S2). A ping to PC3 is issued from PC0, PC1, and PC2 in this exact order. Which MAC addresses will be contained in the S1 MAC address table that is associated with the Fa0/1 port (port connecting S1 to S2)?
- just PC0 and PC1 MAC addresses
During normal operation, from which location do most Cisco switches and routers run the IOS?
- RAM
Which two components are necessary for a wireless client to be installed on a WLAN? (Choose two.)
- wireless NIC
- wireless client software
A technician uses the ping 127.0.0.1 command. What is the technician testing?
- the TCP/IP stack on a network host
Which technology provides a solution to IPv4 address depletion by allowing multiple devices to share one public IP address?
- NAT
A frame is transmitted from one networking device to another. Why does the receiving device check the FCS field in the frame?
- to check the frame for possible transmission errors
What method is used to manage contention-based access on a wireless network?
- CSMA/CA
Which three statements characterize the transport layer protocols? (Choose three.)
- TCP and UDP port numbers are used by application layer protocols.
- TCP uses windowing and sequencing to provide reliable transfer of data.
- TCP is a connection-oriented protocol. UDP is a connectionless protocol.
Copper cables
- horizontal cabling structure, desktop PCs in an enterprise office
- backbone cabling in an enterprise, long-haul networks
- guest access in a coffee shop
- waiting rooms in a hospital
A home user is looking for an ISP connection that provides high speed digital transmission over regular phone lines. What ISP connection type should be used?
- DSL